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OBJECTIVE@#To explore the brain effect mechanism and the correlation between brain functional imaging and cognitive function in treatment of depressive disorder (DD) with transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) based on the resting-state functional magenetic reasonance imaging (rs-fMRI).@*METHODS@#Thirty-two DD patients were included in a depression group and 32 subjects of healthy condition were enrolled in a normal group. In the depression group, the taVNS was applied to bilateral Xin (CO15) and Shen (CO10), at disperse-dense wave, 4 Hz/20 Hz in frequency and current intensity ≤20 mA depending on patient's tolerance, 30 min each time, twice daily. The duration of treatment consisted of 8 weeks. The patients of two groups were undertaken rs-fMRI scanning. The scores of Hamilton depression scale (HAMD), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) and Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) were observed in the normal group at baseline and the depression group before and after treatment separately. The differential brain regions were observed before and after treatment in the two groups and the value of degree centrality (DC) of fMRI was obtained. Their correlation was analyzed in terms of HAMD, HAMA and WCST scores.@*RESULTS@#The scores of HAMD and HAMA in the depression group were all higher than those in the normal group (P<0.05). After treatment, the scores of HAMD and HAMA were lower than those before treatment in the depression group; the scores of total responses, response errors and perseverative errors of WCST were all lower than those before treatment (P<0.05). The brain regions with significant differences included the left inferior temporal gyrus, the left cerebellar peduncles region 1, the left insula, the right putamen, the bilateral supplementary motor area and the right middle frontal gyrus. After treatment, the value of DC in left supplementary motor area was negatively correlated to HAMD and HAMA scores respectively (r=-0.324, P=0.012; r=-0.310, P=0.015); the value of DC in left cerebellar peduncles region 1 was negatively correlated to the total responses of WCST (r=-0.322, P=0.013), and the left insula was positively correlated to the total responses of WCST (r=0.271, P=0.036).@*CONCLUSION@#The taVNS can modulate the intensity of the functional activities of some brain regions so as to relieve depressive symptoms and improve cognitive function.
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Humanos , Depressão/terapia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Estimulação do Nervo Vago/métodos , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea/métodos , Nervo VagoRESUMO
A rapid and sensitive method for analyzing trace β-blockers in complex biological samples,which involved magnetic solid-phase extraction(MSPE)coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron reso-nance mass spectrometry(FTICR-MS),was developed.Novel nanosilver-functionalized magnetic nano-particles with an interlayer of poly(3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)(polyDOPA@Ag-MNPs)were synthesized and used as MSPE adsorbents to extract trace β-blockers from biological samples.After extraction,the analytes loaded on the polyDOPA@Ag-MNPs were desorbed using an organic solvent and analyzed by FTICR-MS.The method was rapid and sensitive,with a total detection procedure of less than 10 min as well as limits of detection and quantification in the ranges of 3.5-6.8 pg/mL and 11.7-22.8 pg/mL,respectively.The accuracy of the method was also desirable,with recoveries ranging from 80.9％to 91.0％following the detection of analytes in human blood samples.All the experimental results demonstrated that the developed MSPE-FTICR-MS method was suitable for the rapid and sensitive analysis of trace β-blockers in complex biological samples.
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Objective: To isolate and identify the undescribed compounds from the fruits of Cinnamomum migao and evaluate its nitric oxide inhibition potential. Methods: The chromatographic techniques of silica gel, Sephadex, and HPLC were used for isolation and purification of the compounds, while HR-ESI-MS, 1D NMR, 2D NMR, ECD, and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to characterize and confirm the isolated compounds. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity of the isolated compounds was carried out to check inhibitory potential against the production of nitric oxide with RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS. Results: Camganoid A (1), a novel sesquiterpene possessing an unprecedented skeleton, and camganoid B (2), containing a unique eight-membered sesquiterpene moiety with a new carbon skeleton, were isolated and identified from the fruits of C. migao. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Among these compounds, compound 1 exhibited potent inhibitory activity against the production of nitric oxide with IC
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AIM:To evaluate the application effect of artificial intelligence(AI)assisted diagnosis system in screening diabetic retinopathy(DR)in Yinchuan Community, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.METHODS:From July 2020 to July 2021, fundus photograph of 2 707 eyes from 1 358 diabetic patients with type 2 diabetes in two communities of Ningxia and Yinchuan were included in this study. The Eye Wisdom AI assisted screening and diagnosis system was used to analyze automatically and detect the characteristic changes of DR, such as hemorrhage, microaneurysms and retinal microvascular abnormalities. The results of fundus photograph were automatically graded according to the standard of DR international stage standard. The manual analysis group gave feedback after image interpretation, analyzed the sensitivity, specificity, misdiagnosis rate and missed diagnosis rate of the AI-assisted screening system for DR diagnosis, and compared the consistency between AI and manual analysis. Kappa consistency test was performed for the results of AI screening system and manual analysis.RESULTS:Compared with manual analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, missed diagnosis rate and misdiagnosis rate of AI were 91.84%, 99.06%, 8.16% and 0.94% respectively. The Kappa value of consistency analysis of the two diagnosis results was 0.817(P<0.001). Compared with manual analysis, the sensitivity and specificity of AI group to diagnose non-DR were 99.06% and 91.84% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of mild NPDR were 85.36% and 98.52% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of moderate NPDR were 81.53% and 98.55% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of severe NPDR were 70% and 99.51% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of PDR were 86.67% and 99.63% respectively. The Kappa value of the consistency analysis of DR staging diagnosis was 0.878(P<0.01).CONCLUSION: The AI remote screening system adopted in this study showed good consistency with the results of manual analysis, which can meet the needs of DR screening and provide a new effective prevention and treatment mode for DR patients in the community.
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ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Wutou Chishizhi Wan in regulating autophagy and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/glycogen synthase kinase-3β （GSK-3β） signaling pathway in rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury （MIRI）. MethodSixty male SD rats were randomly assigned into the normal group （normal saline）， model group （normal saline）， positive control （trimetazidine， 5.4 mg·kg-1） group， and low-， medium-， and high-dose （1.63， 4.9， 14.7 g·kg-1， respectively） Wutou Chishizhi Wan groups， with 10 rats in each group. The rats in other groups except the normal group underwent left anterior descending coronary artery ligation for modeling. Electrocardiogram was employed to detect the ST-segment elevation to evaluate the modeling. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was performed to reveal the damage of myocardial tissue. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase （AST） and creatine kinase （CK） were determined by colorimetry， and those of cardiac troponin T （cTnT） and myoglobin （MYO） by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Western blot was carried out to determine the protein levels of microtubule-associated proteins 1 light chain 3 （LC3）， autophagy-related gene Beclin-1， PI3K， Akt， GSK-3β， p-GSK-3β， and p-Akt. ResultCompared with the normal group， the modeling elevated the serum levels of AST， CK， cTnT， and MYO （P<0.01）， destroyed the arrangement of myocardial cells abd nucle， twisted and broken myocardial fibers， up-regulated the protein levels of LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ and Beclin-1 （P<0.01）， and down-regulated the protein levels of PI3K， p-Akt， and p-GSK-3β （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， trimetazidine and Wutou Chishizhi Wan （all the doses） lowered the levels of AST， CK， cTnT， and MYO in serum （P<0.01）， restored the arrangement of myocardial cells and muscle fibers， reduced necrosis， down-regulated the protein level of Beclin-1 （P<0.01）， and up-regulated the protein levels of PI3K， p-Akt， and p-GSK-3β （P<0.01）. Additionally， Wutou Chishizhi Wan （all the doses） down-regulated the protein level of LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with those in the trimetazidine group， the serum AST level rose in the low-dose Wutou Chishizhi Wan group （P<0.05） and declined in the high-dose group （P<0.01）， and the protein level of Beclin-1 was down-regulated in the medium-dose group （P<0.01）. Additionally， the trimetazidine group had higher protein level of LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ than medium- and high-dose Wutou Chishizhi Wan groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）， higher protein level of PI3K than low-， medium-， and high-dose groups （P<0.01）， lower protein level of p-Akt than low- and medium-dose groups （P<0.01）， and higher p-GSK-3β protein level than the medium-dose group （P<0.01）. ConclusionDifferent doses of Wutou Chishizhi Wan can ameliorate MIRI， and the high dose has the best effect. Wutou Chishizhi Wan can reduce the activity of myocardial injury markers AST， CK， cTnT， and MYO， and alleviate the pathological damage of myocardial tissue. It can down-regulate the protein levels of beclin-1， LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ， and up-regulate those of PI3K， p-Akt， and p-GSK-3β. In summary， Wutou Chishizhi Wan may inhibit excessive autophagy and regulate the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway to exert protective effect on MIRI rats.
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Objective:To investigate the effect and feasibility of swallowing intervention on esophageal examination by magnetically controlled gastric capsule endoscope (MCE), and to provide theoretical evidence for clinical application.Methods:From January 2021 to May 2022, 196 subjects who underwent MCE examination at West China Hospital, Sichuan University were prospectively enrolled. According to the swallowing action during MCE procedure, the subjects were divided into routine examination control group and swallowing-controlled intervention group with 98 cases in each group. The data of gender, age, history of smoking and drinking, body mass index, clinical symptoms (abdominal pain or abdominal distension, hematochezia, melena or positive fecal occult-bloodtest), esophageal transit time of MCE and detection rate of esophageal lesions were compared between the 2 groups. Wilcoxon rank sum test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis.Results:There were no significant differences in age, gender, smoking history, drinking history, body mass index, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, and indication of MCE examination between the routine examination control group and swallowing-controlled intervention group (all P>0.05). All the subjects successfully completed the examination, and the capsules were excreted from the body. The median esophageal transit time of swallowing-controlled intervention group was longer than that of the routine examination control group (44.50 s (26.75 s, 101.25 s) vs. 11.00 s (5.00 s, 29.00 s)), and the difference was statistically significant ( Z=-8.13, P<0.001). The esophageal transit time of the patients aged 40 to 59 years old was longer than that of the patients aged <40 years old, but shorter than that of the patients aged ≥60 years old (54.00 s (36.25 s, 64.75 s) vs. 28.00 s (23.00 s, 35.00 s) and 69.50 s (64.75 s, 73.00 s)), and the differences were statistically significant ( Z=-6.72 and -6.91, both P<0.001). The detection rate of esophageal lesions of swallowing-controlled intervention group was higher than that of routine examination control group (22.4%, 22/98 vs. 11.2%, 11/98), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=4.41, P=0.036). Conclusion:Command-controlled swallowing can effectively prolong the time of esophagus examination by MCE, and improve the detection rate of esophageal lesions by MCE.
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Objective:To explore the application value of checklist-based transitional care on patients relatives relocation stress in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.Methods:A total of 92 patients who undergoing cardiac surgery were assigned to experimental group ( n=46) and control group ( n=46). Patients in the control group received routine ICU transitional care, the experiment group carried out checklist-based ICU transitional care. The transfer time, time of early ambulation, length of hospitalization and incidence of postoperative complications were compared between two groups. Meanwhile, the relatives stress levels were assessed by family relocation stress scale. Results:The transfer time, time of early ambulation and post-intensive care syndrome rate were (11.80±3.58) min, (18.65±4.63) min and 4.35% (2/46) in the experimental group, significantly lower than those in the control group [(13.83±3.49)min, (21.37±4.97) min, 17.39% (8/46)], the difference was statistically significant ( t value was 2.739, 2.713, χ2 value was 3.866, P<0.05). After ICU transferring, the scores of preparation for relocation, family burden, satisfaction with the relocation process and total relocation stress were 21.11±2.57, 13.83±2.10, 7.57±1.11 and 7.57±1.11, significantly higher than in the control group (19.65±3.28, 19.65±3.28, 6.76±1.62, 46.43±4.11), the difference was statistically significant ( t value was 9.222-20.187, P<0.05). Conclusions:Checklist-based transitional care can reduce ICU transfer time, decrease postoperative pain and complications in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, which can also alleviate the levels of relatives relocation stress.
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Objective: Biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) of five main pharmacological/toxic components (gallic acid, emodin, stilbene glycoside, physcion, and emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside) of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata (PMRP) were carried out. Methods: The solubility and permeability of each representative component were studied by equilibrium solubility method and everted intestinal sac method, respectively. Using two softwares (Pipeline Pilot 7.5, ChemDraw 7.0) to predict the solubility and permeability parameters of each component. Classical BCS classification of measured and predicted values of representative components was conducted according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards, and their correlation was evaluated. Results: The emodin, emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside, and physcion in PMRP was preliminary determined as BCS IV drugs. THSG and gallic acid belong to BCS III drugs, and permeability was the main limiting factor in their absorption process. There was software which predicts false positives of anthraquinone in BCS classification studies. Conclusion: In this study, five main pharmacodynamic/toxic components of PMRP were classified by BCS method, which provided data support and technical reference for in vivo absorption prediction and in vitro safety evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Objective::To study the degradation of salvianolate lyophilized injection (SLI) and establish a stability-indicating analysis method. Method::UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was used to conduct a qualitative study on the main components of SLI, and a stability-indicating analysis method was established for simultaneous determination of the original components of SLI and its degradation products. The stability of SLI were systematically assessed under physicochemical conditions of high temperature, oxidation, metal ions. Result::Totally 13 main active ingredients in SLI were identified, and a semi-quantitative analysis was performed. Under the conditions of high temperature, oxidation, light, trivalent ion and divalent ion, 6, 4, 3, 4 and 1 new degradation products were added respectively. The established stability-indicating analysis method can simultaneously determine the degradation products of the main components and their active components in SLI, with a good separation effect. Conclusion::According to the degradation mechanism of the main ingredients in SLI, macromolecular polyphenol acid compounds are degraded into small molecular compounds, such as tanshinol and protocatechu aldehyde by a series of reactions, like benzofuran open-loop, hydrolysis of ester bond and removal of DSS. The stability-indicating analysis method can be used for the stability quality control of traditional Chinese medicine Salvianolate Lyophilized Injection (SLI).
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As one of the main forms of the medical alliance, the specialty alliance functions as a service carrier for hierarchical medical service and resources integration in the region. The authors introduced the exploration and practice of the West China Women′s and Children′s Alliance, the first pediatric specialty alliance in Sichuan, established by the West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University. Based on family doctor contracted services, the West China Women′s and Children′s Alliance took such measures as differentiated functional positioning, assessment of certified physicians, continuous online quality control, construction of referral platforms, and innovative payment mechanisms. Such efforts effectively integrated the three stages of pre-hospital " preventive care" , in-hospital " disease diagnosis and treatment" , and post-hospital " follow-up management" , exploring the homogenization of medical services within the alliance, and forming a pediatric closed-loop health management system, hence improving the primary medical services.
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Objective: To optimize andrographolide pellet by using a quality by design (QbD) approach. Methods: Usingthe cumulative in vitro release as evaluation index, the single-factor investigation and hazard analysis were used to study the core and coating process of andrographolide colon-targeting pellets, and the central composite design-response surface method was used to optimize and predict the three key factors of plasticizer dosage, aging time, and coating weight gain. Results: The optimum coating process parameters were as following: plasticizer dosage of 3 g, coating weight gain of 20%, and aging time of 1 h. The process had been verified that the optimal formulation process had a cumulative in vitro release of 6.9% in the acid phase (0.1 mol/L HCl)-buffered salt phase (pH 6.0) and a cumulative in vitro release of more than 90% in the pH 7.2 buffered salt phase. Conclusion: It is feasible to apply the QbD concept optimization in the study of andrographolide colon-targeting pellets.
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Ovarian teratoma is agynecological disease,which has been found to be closely related to antiNMDA receptor encephalitis in recent years.Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a kind of autoimmune encephalitis.Its etiology,pathogenesis,diagnosis and treatment are still not clear,and the disease has various clinical manifestations and special test methods,which are often ignored by clinicians.The prognosis is poor if the best treatment timing is missed,so early treatment is very important.At present,the main treatment methods include surgical treatment and immunotherapy.Most people can be cured,but the disease has a certain recurrence rate.The recurrence mechanism and treatment need further investigation.Reports on maternal anti-NMDAR encephalitis are rare,but we need to pay lots of attention to it as it is related to maternal and fetal outcomes.
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Objective To synthesize amino-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MNP-NH2) and study the adsorption of flavonoids and organic acids by MNP-NH2. Methods MNP-NH2 were synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer analysis; The adsorption rule of MNP-NH2 was discussed by studying the adsorption properties of 12 monomers. The adsorption properties of MNP-NH2 were assessed under conditions of different ultrasonic time, temperature, ionic strength, and pH. The final elution conditions were determined by L9(34) orthogonal test and the recycling performance was also considered. Results MNP-NH2 synthesized in this study have stable structure, uniform distribution, and good magnetic properties. Adsorption of 12 monomers by MNP-NH2 showed that the mechanism of adsorption was related to the number of ortho-phenolic hydroxyl groups. Ions concentration and temperature had little effect on adsorption for different compounds except pH. The optimized adsorption conditions were extraction for 40 min at 30 ℃ and the final elution conditions were determined to be 5 mL of 20% glacialacetic acid (methanol-water 60∶40) and ultrasonication for 40 min. Conclusion MNP-NH2 can be utilized to extract the effective components of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and maintain a high adsorption rate of flavonoids. Moreover, MNP-NH2 had great recycling and reproducibility, providing new ideas for the utilization of extracting chemical compounds from complex traditional Chinese medicine and natural medicines.
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Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are stable and toxic by-products of non-enzymatic metabolic reaction of proteins,lipids and nucleotides.The elevated serum AGEs level in pregnant women is strongly associated with hyperglycemia,oxidative stress and insulin resistance and may be one of the cause for the onset and development of the gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM).This review mainly focuses on the pathogenesis of AGEs and GDM.
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Salvia miltiorrhiza, as one of the top grade herbs in Sheng Nong.s herbal classic, occupies promoting blood circulation function. The pharmacological of Salvia miltiorrhiza is obvious and the relevant research are extensive.However, there is still potential space for development. In this paper, the patents about Salvia miltiorrhiza were analyzed.The patents were collected from Patent Search Service System of"State Intellectual Property Office of the People's Republic of China". A total of 29 468 patent documents related to Salvia miltiorrhiza were retrieved. The health products and agriculture of Salvia miltiorrhiza has been well developed in recent years. The technology life cycle results show that the research of Salvia miltiorrhiza is in the growth stage. The analyze result shows that the application number were increasing year by year, and the increasing was sharp. The average number of patent applications of the top 10 patent holders is about 100, and the research focus is different. The distribution of patent technology in Salvia miltiorrhiza appears to be diversified, mainly in the fields of medicine, agriculture, chemical engineering and engineering. The results of high-quality and effective patent technology distribution show that classic research fields of Salvia miltiorrhiza are A61 K35 and A61 K36. The research of Salvia miltiorrhiza is still in rapid development stage, and involves a wide range of areas to be further studied and developed.
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Implant-overdenture supported by an interforaminal bar provides stability and is effective in an edentulous atrophic mandible. However, using this attachment requires precise planning from the restorative and surgical aspects to ensure a satisfying outcome. Consdering the feature and space requirements for bar attachment, this article establishes a clinical protocol for a two-implant-retained overdenture on the mandible. In this study, a case of mandibular edentulism was considered to illustrate this protocol and provide a reference for clinical practice.
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Objective To compare the clinical therapeutic effects of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) and continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) for treatment of patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).Methods A prospective observation was conducted, seventy patients with MODS admitted to the Department of Critical Care Medicine of the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College from September 2013 to December 2016 were enrolled, and they were divided into a CVVH group and a CVVHDF group according to different treatment, 35 cases in each group. In the CVVH group, the ultrafiltration fluid flow rate was set at 1800 mL/h, while in the CVVHDF group, the flow rate was set at 2000 mL/h for both substitution fluid and dialysate, and the blood flow of the two groups was 150-180 mL/min. The changes of creatinine (SCr), urea nitrogen (BUN), pH value, HCO3-, helper T cell (Th1, Th2) and Th1/Th2 ratio were compared between the two groups before and after treatment for 24, 48 and 72 hours.Results With the extension of time, SCr, BUN were reduced in both groups after treatment compared to those before treatment, 72 hoursafter treatment they reached the lowest value, and the degree of change in CVVHDF group was more significant than that in CVVH group [SCr (μmol/L): 150.62±32.09 vs. 180.41±30.52, BUN (mmol/L): 7.31±2.19 vs. 9.06±2.36. allP 0.05). With the extension of therapeutic time, Th1, Th1/Th2 in two groups were gradually elevated after treatment, and 72 hours after treatment they reached the peak values; Th2 showed a trend of gradual decrease and after 72 hours of treatment it reached the lowest value, and the changes in CVVHDF group were more significant than those in CVVH group [Th1 (×10-2): 1.51±0.12 vs. 1.21±0.11, Th2 (×10-2): 1.64±0.65 vs. 1.70±0.18, Th1/Th2: 0.91±0.14 vs. 0.71±0.15, allP < 0.05].Conclusion Both CVVH and CVVHDF can effectively remove inflammatory mediators and metabolic products, adjust the balance of acid and base, regulate immune system in the body of patients with MODS, and the CVVHDF is more effective than CVVH.
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Diseases of glucose and lipid metabolism disorder,presented rather complicated pathological mechanism,often with clinical pattern of multiple concurrent diseases.Therefore,the traditional single-disease based on treatment methods need improving.In view of plenty of clinical practice,theatrical and fundamental researches,the pathological mechanisms of some chronic disorders,such as hyperlipidemia,nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,type 2 diabetes,hypertension,atherosclerosis and severe cardiovascular complications,resulted from the impairment in the metabolism of glucose and lipid were investigated using the method of integrated Chinese and western medicine.Overall,the features of these diseases and their common characteristics were discovered,and accordingly we defined the new concept of glucolipid metabolic disease (GLMD) and put forward the concept of pivot liver of metabolic regulation system.In addition,we developed the therapeutic strategy of modulating liver,starting pivot and cleaning turbidity,for the comprehensive and integrated treatment and prevention of these diseases.The theory of GLMD shared the critical characteristics with precision medicine,taking its own specialty.Finally,the content and approaches for the research of GLMD were proposed,and some essential and core fields in the precision medical research for GLMD were profoundly analyzed and prospected.
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A method for determination of 16 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) in atmospheric fine particles ( PM2. 5) was developed based on accelerated solvent extraction-direct injection coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PM2. 5 was collected by glass fiber membrane filter and pretreated with acetonitrile by accelerated solvent extraction. The extract was separated by ZORBAX Eclipse PAH column with acetonitrile and water as mobile phase, and detected by ultraviolet and fluorescence detectors. The result showed that the 16 kinds of PAHs were well separated and there were good linear relationships ( r≥0. 9998) in the concentration range of 0. 025 -5. 00 μg / mL. The recoveries were from 78. 3% to 113. 2% . The relative standard deviations ranged from 0. 5% to 9. 5% . The detection limits were 0. 007 - 0. 062 ng / m3 . The method was simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive, and suitable for the simultaneous determination of 16 kinds of PAHS in PM2. 5.
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@#Objective To investigate whether mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs),which were involved in changes in osmolali-ty,might mediate aquaporin-4(AQP4)expression in astrocytes after oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD)in rats.Methods Astrocytes were obtained from new born Sprague-Dawley rats.The P2cells were divided into control group,OGD group and inhibitors of U0126,SB203580 and SP600125 groups. The latter groups underwent OGD for five hours and reoxygenated, the inhibitors of U0126, SB203580 and SP600125(1 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L,respectively)groups,named U1,U10,SB1,SB10,SP1 and SP10 groups,respectively,were cultured with the inhibitors for twelve hours.The volume of cells in OGD group was measured half,one,one and half,two,three,four,eight and twelve hours after reoxygenation,and the expression of AQP4 was detected half,one,one and half,eight and twelve hours after reoxygen-ation with Western blotting.The expression of AQP4,and phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases(p-ERK),c-Jun N-termi-nal kinase(p-JNK)and p38 MAPK(p-p38 MAPK)was detected 24 hours after reoxygenation in all the groups,while the activity of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)was measured.Results The volume of cells increased in OGD group one and half,two,three and four hours after re-oxygenation compared with those in the control group(P<0.001),and the expression of AQP4 also increased in OGD group after reoxygen-ation(P<0.001),especially 1.5 hours of reoxygenation.The expression of AQP4,p-ERK,p-JNK and p-p38 MAPK increased in OGD group after five hours of OGD compared with those in the control group(P<0.001),and the expression of p-ERK,p-JNK and p-p38 MAPK de-creased in the inhibitors groups compared with those in OGD group(P<0.001),and the expression of AQP4 decreased in SB10 group(P<0.001).The activity of LDH was less in all the inhibitors groups except SP1 and SB1 groups than in OGD group(P<0.01),and was the least in SB10 group (P<0.001). Conclusion MAPKs signal pathway, especially p38 MAPK, may promote AQP4 expression in astrocytes after OGD in rat,and play a role in cells death.